Which philosophy was theorized by George Counts and Paulo Freire?

• A. Reconstructionism
• B. Progressivism
• C. Essentialism
• D. Perennialism

Answer: (A)

Reconstructionism treats education as a tool for social reform. George Counts argued that schools should prepare students to confront real-world issues and actively participate in reshaping society, not just absorb information. Paulo Freire deepened this with critical pedagogy, which centers dialogue, awareness of oppression, and action to transform unjust social structures. Together, their ideas frame schooling as a means to address societal problems and promote democratic change, not merely to impart static knowledge or individual skills. That focus on using education to rebuild and improve society is why reconstructionism is the best fit.