Which philosophy posits learners construct knowledge from prior ideas through inquiry, with teachers facilitating problem-rich experiences?

• A. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior shaped by reinforcement.
• B. Essentialism stresses a strong core knowledge base.
• C. Constructivism posits learners construct knowledge from prior ideas through inquiry, with teachers facilitating problem-rich experiences.
• D. Existentialism emphasizes individual freedom.

Answer: (C)

Constructivism holds that learners build new understanding by connecting it to what they already think and by actively questioning and solving problems. Learning happens through inquiry, as students explore, test ideas, encounter evidence, and reshape their thinking. The teacher acts as a guide, designing rich, problem-filled experiences and supporting students as they discuss, reason, and articulate explanations. This approach centers on student thinking, prior ideas, and collaborative inquiry, making knowledge feel meaningful and adaptable to new situations.

Other approaches don’t fit this description as neatly: one emphasizes shaping behavior through rewards and punishments, focusing on observable actions rather than internal construction of understanding; another stresses a fixed set of essential facts and skills taught through direct instruction; another centers on individual freedom and personal meaning with less emphasis on guided inquiry.